Consensus and mining

Proof of work, proof of stake, mining, validators, staking and MEV: how networks agree on one history.

13 results

Guide

Beginner 23 min read

What a consensus mechanism is: how Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana and XRP agree on one history, proof of work…

Guide

Intermediate 23 min read

The Byzantine generals problem explained: why one liar needs four generals, how signatures, PBFT and Bitcoin's proof of…

Guide

Intermediate 22 min read

What is proof of work? How Bitcoin miners hash the header, how nBits and the 2,016-block difficulty retarget…

Guide

Intermediate 23 min read

Bitcoin mining explained: ASIC machines, pools and FPPS payouts, hashprice, a profit example in four countries, cloud-mining scams…

Guide

Intermediate 20 min read

Bitcoin hashrate is never measured, only estimated from block times. How difficulty adjusts, why charts disagree, and what…

Guide

Intermediate 22 min read

Proof of stake from the inside: how Ethereum picks validators, queues deposits, punishes cheats and resists attacks, with…

Guide

Intermediate 22 min read

Ethereum slashing explained: how validators earn about 2.5% a year, what going offline costs, the 1/4096 penalty and…

Guide

Intermediate 22 min read

Delegated proof of stake explained: how Tron and EOS elect block producers, how Tezos, Cosmos and Cardano delegate,…

Guide

Advanced 24 min read

Tendermint consensus explained: rounds, locks and halts on Cosmos, then HotStuff, its heirs on Aptos and Monad, DAG…

Guide

Advanced 21 min read

Solana proof of history explained: the SHA-256 clock, leader slots, Tower BFT, the 200 ms slots and what…

Results